How to identify the Ad Hominem fallacy?

Why does attacking the person fail as an argument?

The ad hominem fallacy occurs when someone attacks the character, behavior, or motives of a person instead of addressing the argument being presented. Rather than evaluating the claim, the conversation shifts toward personal criticism. In media, this often shows up in political debates, viral commentary, and influencer conflicts.

Examples include dismissing someone’s opinion because of their lifestyle, background, age, or unrelated past actions. These attacks distract the audience from evaluating the actual evidence. Ad hominem fallacies especially thrive in emotionally charged topics where personal identity becomes central.

This fallacy is harmful because it encourages tribal thinking. People end up judging arguments based on who said them, not whether they are logically sound. To avoid being misled, focus on the claim itself. Ask whether the criticism addresses the argument or simply targets the individual.